> If this is anything like growing single-crystal parts for aircraft, it won't be cheap.
I'm still catching up, but it won't be expensive like that. You grow single crystals by keeping them hot and cooling them very slowly in a controlled atmosphere. Turbine blades are meant to operate in the hottest conditions in any machine on earth. Accordingly, they must be cooled at extremely high temperatures. The cost of single crystal turbine blades also pales in comparison to the cost of the blades themselves.
> Um, that is cheating. Running any battery at less than capacity will extend its life. You could put two batteries in the car, run them at 50% or alternate between them, and get double the life.
Cycle life is often plotted as equivalent full cycles. If you get two batteries, running both at 50% DoD, you will increase the amount of lifetime full-cycle equivalents by ~10-50x, depending on the chemistry.
Lowering the depth of discharge means lowering the voltage difference between the electrodes. At 4.0 V you have very few side reactions. At 4.2 V, the battery is charged. At 4.3 V (~110% charge) the battery is dangerous. At 4.6 V (~120%) the battery is plating lithium onto its anode and is about to short circuit and blow its pressure release. Fire is heavily involved. Small decreases in voltage lead to big improvements in stability.
I'm still catching up, but it won't be expensive like that. You grow single crystals by keeping them hot and cooling them very slowly in a controlled atmosphere. Turbine blades are meant to operate in the hottest conditions in any machine on earth. Accordingly, they must be cooled at extremely high temperatures. The cost of single crystal turbine blades also pales in comparison to the cost of the blades themselves.
> Um, that is cheating. Running any battery at less than capacity will extend its life. You could put two batteries in the car, run them at 50% or alternate between them, and get double the life.
Cycle life is often plotted as equivalent full cycles. If you get two batteries, running both at 50% DoD, you will increase the amount of lifetime full-cycle equivalents by ~10-50x, depending on the chemistry.
Lowering the depth of discharge means lowering the voltage difference between the electrodes. At 4.0 V you have very few side reactions. At 4.2 V, the battery is charged. At 4.3 V (~110% charge) the battery is dangerous. At 4.6 V (~120%) the battery is plating lithium onto its anode and is about to short circuit and blow its pressure release. Fire is heavily involved. Small decreases in voltage lead to big improvements in stability.