If this be error, and upon me prov'd, I never writ, nor no man ever lov'd.
Beyond that, "prove", "proof", "proven", etc are all from the latin provare - to try, or test.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift
I like the example of the double meaning in 'as you like it', shown at 8:11 [2].
1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPlpphT7n9s 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=gP...
Beyond that, "prove", "proof", "proven", etc are all from the latin provare - to try, or test.